Kasashen Oceania

Oceania — yanki na ƙasa wanda ake bayyana shi a matsayin nahiyar a wasu sassan duniya. Tana haɗa Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia da Polynesia. Tana shimfiɗa a rabin duniya na gabas da na yamma, Oceania, a kiyasi, tana da fadin ƙasa na kilomita murabba'i 8,525,989 (mil murabba'i 3,291,903) da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 44.4 a shekarar 2022. Oceania ana bayyana ta a matsayin yanki na ƙasa a mafi yawan sassan duniya masu magana da Turanci, amma a wajen waɗannan wurare ana bayyana ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin nahiyoyi. A wannan tsarin duniya, ana ɗaukar Australia kawai a matsayin ƙasar tsibiri da ke cikin nahiyar Oceania, ba a matsayin nahiyar daban ba. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran sassan duniya, Oceania ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta ta fuskar yanki kuma ta biyu mafi ƙarancin yawan jama'a bayan Antarctica.

Oceania tana da haɗin tattalin arziki iri-iri daga kasuwannin kuɗi masu ci gaba sosai kuma masu gasa a duniya na Australia, Polynesia ta Faransa, Tsibirin Hawaii, New Caledonia da New Zealand, waɗanda ke da matsayi mai kyau a ingancin rayuwa da ma'aunin cigaban ɗan adam, zuwa tattalin arziki marasa ci gaba sosai na Kiribati, Papua New Guinea, Tuvalu, Vanuatu da New Guinea ta Yamma, tare da haɗa tattalin arziki matsakaici na tsibiran Pacific kamar Fiji, Palau da Tonga. Ƙasa mafi girma kuma mafi yawan jama'a a Oceania ita ce Australia, kuma birni mafi girma shi ne Sydney. Puncak Jaya a tsaunukan Papua, Indonesia, shi ne kololuwa mafi tsayi a Oceania da tsayin mita 4,884 (ƙafa 16,024).

Mutanen farko da suka zauna a Australia, New Guinea da manyan tsibirai a gabas sun iso fiye da shekaru 60,000 da suka wuce. Oceania ta fara samun binciken Turawa a ƙarni na 16. Masu binciken Fotigal tsakanin 1512 da 1526 sun isa tsibiran Tanimbar, wasu daga cikin tsibiran Caroline da yammacin New Guinea. Bayan su sai masu binciken Mutanen Sifaniyya da Holland, sannan Birtaniya da Faransa. A tafiyarsa ta farko a ƙarni na 18, James Cook, wanda daga baya ya isa tsibiran Hawaii masu ci gaba sosai, ya tafi Tahiti kuma ya fara bin gabar tekun gabashin Australia.

Zuwo mazaunan Turai a ƙarnuka masu zuwa ya kawo manyan canje-canje a yanayin zamantakewa da siyasa na Oceania. A fagen yaƙin Pacific a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, an gudanar da manyan ayyuka, galibi tsakanin ƙasashen kawance na Amurka, Philippines (a lokacin tana cikin Ƙungiyar Amurka) da Australia, da kuma ƙasar Axis — Japan. Zanen dutse na asalin mutanen Australia shi ne tsohon al'adar fasaha da aka ci gaba da yi a duniya. A mafi yawan ƙasashen Oceania, yawon buɗe ido babban tushen samun kuɗi ne.